Nepita Conferta A House Moth Caterpillar Causing Contact And Air Borne Lepidopterism In India And Its Manahgement
Keywords:
Caterpillar, Contact Dermatitis (COD), Urticating hairs, Thaumetopoein, Moth, Lepidoterism
Abstract
Caterpillars are immature stages of moths and butterflies. A new species of a house hold caterpillar mostly found under the clay roof tiles of wooden house and buildings in India. This species is reported in village Tighara and surrounding villages in District Seoni and District Balaghat of state Madhay Pradesh in central India (DMS 22° 5′ 24″ N, 79° 33′ 0″ E). This Caterpillar is more harmful for humans which are living with them in the same places and they remains for long times of years even in their dead conditions. These caterpillars completes their life cycle in non-living things like wooden materials, houses and everywhere where sweeping is not possible. When the urticating hairs comes in contact via air or direct touch with human skin by any means the urticating hairs that releases Thaumetopoein causes itching ,irritation and contact dermatitis (COD) for a week. We intendant to this research because this caterpillar species is new for scientists and unreported yet in scientific Journals. It appears in a large numbers in August and September month. So many villagers affected by Contact Dermatitis (COD) disease for several years because the dry caterpillar’s hairs also cause contact and air born dermatitis.
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References
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10. Gary, R., MULLEN, (2002) BUTTERFLIES (Lepidoptera) Medical and Veterinary Entomology,, 363-381.
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15. Werno, J., Lamy M., Vincendeau P., (1993) Caterpillar hairs as allergens. Lancet,342,936–7.
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28. Hellier, FF., • ( 1967). Caterpillar Dermatitis, Proc. roy. ent. Soc. Lond., Ser. A, 22, 3.
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37. Eltringham, H., (1914). Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 423.
38. Gianotti, F., (1955). Derm. Sit., 96, 678.
39. Ted-Rosen (1990). Caterpillar Dermatitis, Dermatologic Clinics, 8(2), 245-252
40. Lee, D., Pitetti RD., Casselbrant ML., (1999). Oropharyngeal manifestations of lepidopterism Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 125 (1): 50–2.
41. Powell, Jerry A., (2009). Lepidoptera. Encyclopedia of Insects (2nd ed.). Academic Press, 661–663.
42. Evans, W., H., (1932). Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.)Bombay Natural History Society. 1–35.
43. Jingyao S., Xiaobing W., Jinghua W.,(2018). Biomimetic Moth-eye Nanofabrication: Enhanced Antireflection with Superior Self-cleaning Characteristic. Scientific Reports vol. 8, Article number: 5438
44. Evans, W. H. (1927) Identification of Indian Butterflies, The Diocesan press. pp. 1–35.
45. British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology.
46. Hampson, George F., (1901).Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. by British Museum (Natural History) Page, 4, 284.
47. Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., (2003). Spilosoma erythrophleps. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum.
48. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma (1892).
49. Renwick , Chew, (2003). Oviposition Behavior in Lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology. 39(1),377-400.
50. Hinton, HE., (1981). Biology of insect eggs. Pergamon Press, Oxford,1-3.
51. Betz, O., (2010). Adhesive exocrine glands in insects: morphology, ultrastructure, and adhesive secretion. Springer, Wien, 111–152.
52. Beament, JWL., Lal, R., (1957). Penetration through the egg-shell of Pieris brassicae (L.). Bull Entomol Res, 48,109–125.
53. Burkhart CN., Stankiewicz BA., (1999). Molecular composition of the louse sheath. J Parasitol, 85,559–561.
54. Gaino, E., Rebora M., (2001). Synthesis and function of the fibrous layers covering the eggs of Siphlonurus lacustris (Ephemeroptera, Siphlonuridae). Acta Zool, 82, 41–48.
55. Fordyce, JA., Nice CC., (2003). Variation in butterfly egg adhesion: adaptation to local host plant senescence characteristics?. Ecol Lett, 6,23–27.
56. Li, D., Huson MG., Graham LD., (2008). Proteinaceous adhesive secretions from insects, and in particular the egg attachment glue of Opodiphthera sp. moths. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 69,85–105.
57. Betz, O., (2010). Adhesive exocrine glands in insects: morphology, ultrastructure, and adhesive secretion. In: Byern J, Grunwald I (eds) Biological adhesive systems from nature to technical and medical application. Springer, Wien. 111–152.
58. Bishopp, F., C. (1923). Dep. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric., p. 288..
59. Reynolds, Stuart & Yeomans, (2008). The feeding behaviour of caterpillars (Manduca sexta) on tobacco and artificial diet. Physiological Entomology. 11. 39 - 51.
60. Scoble, M.J., (1995). The Lepidoptera - Form, Function and Diversity. The Natural History Museum / Oxford University Press, Oxford.
61. Jerome, C., Regier,C., Charles Mitter, D.et al (2014). A molecular phylogeny and revised classification for the oldest ditrysian moth lineages (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea), with implications for ancestral feeding habits of the mega-diverse Ditrysia. Systematic Entomology, 40(2).
62. Ligrone, R., Duckett, J.G., Renzaglia, K.S., (2000). Conducting tissues and phyletic relationships of bryophytes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 355 (1398): 795–813.
63. Toby, S., Veera, T., Philipp R., et al (2016). Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens. Science. 353 (6298), 488–92.
64. Gargas, A., DePriest PT., Grube M., (1995). Multiple origins of lichen symbioses in fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny. Science., 268,1492–1495.
65. Margulis, Lynn, Barreno, (2003). Looking at Lichens. BioScience. 53 (8), 776.
66. Kimmerer, Robin W. (2003). Gathering Moss. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press, ISBN, 978-0-87071-499-3. ISBN, 0-87071-499-6.
67. Scoble, Malcolm J., (1992). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-854031-0.
68. D. J., DeLong, Dwight M., Triplehorn, (2004). Introduction to the Study of Insects (6 ed.). New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-096835-6.
69. Nielsen, Erik T., (1954). Pupation and emergence in Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wied.) Bulletin of Entomological Research, 45.4, 757–768.
70. Elliott, J. M., (1996).Temperature‐related fluctuations in the timing of emergence and pupation of Windermere alder‐flies over 30 years. Ecological Entomology, 21(3), 241–247.
71. Chapman, R. F. ,Reginald F, (2013). The insects: structure and function. 419. ISBN 978-0-521-11389-2, OCLC 794624696.
72. Borror, D. J.; DeLong, Dwight M.; Triplehorn, Charles A. (2004). Introduction to the Study of Insects (6 ed.). New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston. ISBN 0-03-096835-6.
73. Scoble, Malcolm J., (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity (2nd edition). Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum London. ISBN 0-19-854952-0.
74. Hellier,F.F., Warin, R.P., (1967).Caterpillar Dermatitis. British Medical Journal, 346-367
75. Bishopp, F. C., (1923). The life-history of Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera : Phylloxeridae) and its effect Academic Press, New York and London p. 288.
76. Clements, A. N. (1951). Proc. roy. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 26, 104.
77. Animals: The International Wildlife Magazine. Nigel-Sitwell. 1964.3, 21.
78. Bonnet, Catherine, Jean-Claude M., (2008). La Processionnaire du Pin. INRA. pp. 29–33. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
79. Hall, Charles A. (1943). A Pocket-Book of British Butterflies, Moths and Other Winged Insects. Adam and Charles Black. 36–37.
80. Gschloessl, Bernhard; Vogel, (2014).Comparative analysis of two phenologically divergent populations of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) by de novo transcriptome sequencing. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 46. 31–42.
2. Roger Fabian Anderson (1960). Forest and Shade Tree Entomology. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-02739-3.
3. Houghton Mifflin Company, (2004) "Caterpillar". Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, (4th Edition).
4. Mallet, Jim ( 2007).Taxonomy of Lepidoptera: the scale of the problem. The Lepidoptera Taxome Project. University College, London.
5. Denser, Robert J., (2008). Chordate Metamorphosis: Ancient Control by Iodothyronines, Current Biology. 18 (13): R567–9.
6. Slama, Williams, (1965). Juvenile hormone activity for the bug Pyrrhocoris apterus: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 54 (2): 411–414.
7. Singh, Amit; Konopova, et al (2011). Common and Distinct Roles of Juvenile Hormone Signaling Genes in Metamorphosis of Holometabolous and Hemimetabolous Insects. Plos one. 6 (12): e28728.
8. Myron, P., Zalucki, Anthony R. et al,(2002) Behavior of First Instar Larval Lepidoptera, Annual Review of Entomology ,47, 361-393.
9. (Powell, Jerry A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. pp. 557–587. ISBN 978-0-12-374144-8.)
10. Gary, R., MULLEN, (2002) BUTTERFLIES (Lepidoptera) Medical and Veterinary Entomology,, 363-381.
11. Ric Bessin, Stinging Caterpillars ,university of Kentucky college of Agriculture,Food and environment Lexington,KY 40546) Entfact-003
12. Cornelia S L Müller, Wolfgang Tilgen,. (2011)Reminder of important clinical lesson Caterpillar dermatitis revisited: lepidopterism after contact with oak processionary caterpillar; BMJ Case Rep 2011: bcr0320113967.
13. Diaz J. (2005), The evolving global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of caterpillar envenoming. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 72,347–57.
14. Lamy M. (1990) Contact dermatitis (erucism) produced by processionary caterpillars (genus Thaumetopoea). J Appl Entomol ,110,425–37.
15. Werno, J., Lamy M., Vincendeau P., (1993) Caterpillar hairs as allergens. Lancet,342,936–7.
16. Vega, JM., Moneo I., Armentia A, et al., (2000) Pine processionary caterpillar as a new cause of immunologic contact urticaria. Contact Derm, 43,129–32.
17. Santos-Magadán S., González de Olano D, et al.,( 2009) Adverse reactions to the processionary caterpillar: irritant or allergic mechanism? Contact Derm, 60,109–10.
18. Türkmen, H., Ali Oner,Y. (2004) A human dermatitis caused by Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775) (order: Lepidoptera) caterpillars in İstanbul, Turkey. Allergy ,59(2),232-3.
19. Kaszak, I., Planellas, M., Dworecka-Kaszak B., (2015). Pine processionary caterpillar, Thaumetopoea pityocampa Denis and Schiffermüller. 1775 contact as a health risk for dogs. Ann Parasitol.61(3),159-63.
20. Jamesh, H., Diaz (2005). The evolving global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of caterpillar envenoming .The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 72(3), 347 – 357.
21. De Reaumur,M., (1736). Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des insects vol. 6, Imprimerie Royale eds, Paris, France.
22. Fabre, J. H., (1898). Un virus des insectes, Masson,
23. Fabre, J. H., Souvenirs entomologiques, ´etudes sur l’instinct et le moeurs des insectes, Delagrave Eds, Paris, France, 1900–1922.
24. Rosen, T., (1990). Caterpillar dermatitis, Dermatol Clin. 8 (2), 245–52.
25. Lee D., Pitetti RD., Casselbrant ML., (1999). Oropharyngeal manifestations of lepidopterism. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 125 (1), 50–2.
26. Sven, G., Sascha M.m (2006) An Epidemic Airborne Disease Caused by the Oak Processionary Caterpillar Pediatr. Dermatol, 23(1),64-6.
27. Andreas, M., Heiko S., Michael S.,(2008) Lepidopterism - oak processionary caterpillar dermatitis: appearance after indirect out-of-season contact. J. Dtsch Dermatol Ges; 6(9),747-50.
28. Hellier, FF., • ( 1967). Caterpillar Dermatitis, Proc. roy. ent. Soc. Lond., Ser. A, 22, 3.
29. Bergand, JM., (1978 ). La chenille processionnaire du pin (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff) et l’homme. Thése no. 41, Université de Bordeaux,.
30. Ducombs, G., Lamy, J.J., Bergand, JM., (1979). La chenille processionnaire (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. L´epidopt`eres) e l’homme. Annales de Dermatologie et de V´en´er´eologie, 106,769–778,.
31. Chun, S., Hara, A., Niino-DuPonte, R., (2005). Stinging nettle caterpillar, Darna pallivitta. Honolulu (HI), University of Hawaii. 2 p. (Insect Pests; IP-22).
32. Conant, P., Hara, AH., Nagamine, WT., (2015). Disruption of Darna pallivitta (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) by Conventional and Mobile Pheromone Deployment. J Insect Sci., 15(1), 67.
33. Dunlop, K., Freeman, S., (1997). Caterpillar dermatitis. Australas J Dermatol, 38(4),193-5.
34. Dunlop, K., Freeman,S., (1997). Caterpillar dermatitis. Australas J Dermatol., 38(4), 193-5.
35. Mitchell-Heggs, G. B., (1950). Modern Practice in Dermatology, p. 349.
36. Rosen, T., (1990). Caterpillar dermatitis. Dermatol Clin. 8 (2), 245–52.
37. Eltringham, H., (1914). Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 423.
38. Gianotti, F., (1955). Derm. Sit., 96, 678.
39. Ted-Rosen (1990). Caterpillar Dermatitis, Dermatologic Clinics, 8(2), 245-252
40. Lee, D., Pitetti RD., Casselbrant ML., (1999). Oropharyngeal manifestations of lepidopterism Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 125 (1): 50–2.
41. Powell, Jerry A., (2009). Lepidoptera. Encyclopedia of Insects (2nd ed.). Academic Press, 661–663.
42. Evans, W., H., (1932). Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.)Bombay Natural History Society. 1–35.
43. Jingyao S., Xiaobing W., Jinghua W.,(2018). Biomimetic Moth-eye Nanofabrication: Enhanced Antireflection with Superior Self-cleaning Characteristic. Scientific Reports vol. 8, Article number: 5438
44. Evans, W. H. (1927) Identification of Indian Butterflies, The Diocesan press. pp. 1–35.
45. British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology.
46. Hampson, George F., (1901).Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. by British Museum (Natural History) Page, 4, 284.
47. Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., (2003). Spilosoma erythrophleps. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum.
48. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma (1892).
49. Renwick , Chew, (2003). Oviposition Behavior in Lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology. 39(1),377-400.
50. Hinton, HE., (1981). Biology of insect eggs. Pergamon Press, Oxford,1-3.
51. Betz, O., (2010). Adhesive exocrine glands in insects: morphology, ultrastructure, and adhesive secretion. Springer, Wien, 111–152.
52. Beament, JWL., Lal, R., (1957). Penetration through the egg-shell of Pieris brassicae (L.). Bull Entomol Res, 48,109–125.
53. Burkhart CN., Stankiewicz BA., (1999). Molecular composition of the louse sheath. J Parasitol, 85,559–561.
54. Gaino, E., Rebora M., (2001). Synthesis and function of the fibrous layers covering the eggs of Siphlonurus lacustris (Ephemeroptera, Siphlonuridae). Acta Zool, 82, 41–48.
55. Fordyce, JA., Nice CC., (2003). Variation in butterfly egg adhesion: adaptation to local host plant senescence characteristics?. Ecol Lett, 6,23–27.
56. Li, D., Huson MG., Graham LD., (2008). Proteinaceous adhesive secretions from insects, and in particular the egg attachment glue of Opodiphthera sp. moths. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 69,85–105.
57. Betz, O., (2010). Adhesive exocrine glands in insects: morphology, ultrastructure, and adhesive secretion. In: Byern J, Grunwald I (eds) Biological adhesive systems from nature to technical and medical application. Springer, Wien. 111–152.
58. Bishopp, F., C. (1923). Dep. Circ. U.S. Dep. Agric., p. 288..
59. Reynolds, Stuart & Yeomans, (2008). The feeding behaviour of caterpillars (Manduca sexta) on tobacco and artificial diet. Physiological Entomology. 11. 39 - 51.
60. Scoble, M.J., (1995). The Lepidoptera - Form, Function and Diversity. The Natural History Museum / Oxford University Press, Oxford.
61. Jerome, C., Regier,C., Charles Mitter, D.et al (2014). A molecular phylogeny and revised classification for the oldest ditrysian moth lineages (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea), with implications for ancestral feeding habits of the mega-diverse Ditrysia. Systematic Entomology, 40(2).
62. Ligrone, R., Duckett, J.G., Renzaglia, K.S., (2000). Conducting tissues and phyletic relationships of bryophytes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 355 (1398): 795–813.
63. Toby, S., Veera, T., Philipp R., et al (2016). Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens. Science. 353 (6298), 488–92.
64. Gargas, A., DePriest PT., Grube M., (1995). Multiple origins of lichen symbioses in fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny. Science., 268,1492–1495.
65. Margulis, Lynn, Barreno, (2003). Looking at Lichens. BioScience. 53 (8), 776.
66. Kimmerer, Robin W. (2003). Gathering Moss. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press, ISBN, 978-0-87071-499-3. ISBN, 0-87071-499-6.
67. Scoble, Malcolm J., (1992). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-854031-0.
68. D. J., DeLong, Dwight M., Triplehorn, (2004). Introduction to the Study of Insects (6 ed.). New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, ISBN 0-03-096835-6.
69. Nielsen, Erik T., (1954). Pupation and emergence in Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wied.) Bulletin of Entomological Research, 45.4, 757–768.
70. Elliott, J. M., (1996).Temperature‐related fluctuations in the timing of emergence and pupation of Windermere alder‐flies over 30 years. Ecological Entomology, 21(3), 241–247.
71. Chapman, R. F. ,Reginald F, (2013). The insects: structure and function. 419. ISBN 978-0-521-11389-2, OCLC 794624696.
72. Borror, D. J.; DeLong, Dwight M.; Triplehorn, Charles A. (2004). Introduction to the Study of Insects (6 ed.). New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston. ISBN 0-03-096835-6.
73. Scoble, Malcolm J., (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity (2nd edition). Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum London. ISBN 0-19-854952-0.
74. Hellier,F.F., Warin, R.P., (1967).Caterpillar Dermatitis. British Medical Journal, 346-367
75. Bishopp, F. C., (1923). The life-history of Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera : Phylloxeridae) and its effect Academic Press, New York and London p. 288.
76. Clements, A. N. (1951). Proc. roy. ent. Soc. Lond. (A), 26, 104.
77. Animals: The International Wildlife Magazine. Nigel-Sitwell. 1964.3, 21.
78. Bonnet, Catherine, Jean-Claude M., (2008). La Processionnaire du Pin. INRA. pp. 29–33. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
79. Hall, Charles A. (1943). A Pocket-Book of British Butterflies, Moths and Other Winged Insects. Adam and Charles Black. 36–37.
80. Gschloessl, Bernhard; Vogel, (2014).Comparative analysis of two phenologically divergent populations of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) by de novo transcriptome sequencing. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 46. 31–42.
Published
2026-01-03
How to Cite
Dr.DK GAUTAM, BABITA CHOUDHARY, PARUL BHOURGADE, & MK GAUTAM. (2026). Nepita Conferta A House Moth Caterpillar Causing Contact And Air Borne Lepidopterism In India And Its Manahgement. IJRDO - JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 11(5), 32-51. https://doi.org/10.53555/bs.v11i5.6534
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